indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
getting mixed up in; getting embroiled in; involvement; entanglement; by-blow
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sightseer; spectator; viewer
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
motionlessly (e.g. stand, wait); (be) still; fixedly (e.g. gaze, stare); intently (e.g. listen, think); patiently (e.g. endure); stoically
movement (of one's body); moving about; stirring; acting freely; doing as one pleases
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
to stand (up); to rise; to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on); to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to leave (to do something)
overthrow; defeat; bringing down; knockdown
to stand up; to get up; to recover; to regain one's energy; to (stand up and) take action; to rise up (against); to rise (from a crouch) and make the initial charge
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel; castor; caster
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
very high; high up; aloft; only; merely; just
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)