indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
pleased to make your acquaintance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
courteous; decorous; polite
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be bewildered; to be perplexed
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
trouble; problem; mess; difficulty; nuisance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to give advice; to counsel; to take part in a consultation
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
God; god; ace; king; superior person
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in