you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
resentment; grudge; malice; matter for regret; regret
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
reformation; revolution; Meiji Restoration; Japan Innovation Party; Nippon Ishin no Kai
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
government forces; loyalist army
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
decisive battle; deciding match; play-off
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
certain; sure; no doubt; reliable; dependable
victory; triumph; win; conquest; success
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
(all) through (e.g. the night); throughout (e.g. the year); within (e.g. the week); in the course of (e.g. today); all over; throughout (e.g. the world)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
spy working for the Edo shogunate; oniwaban
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
centre; center; pivot; central nervous system
to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear; to bear (a burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
massacre; annihilation; wholesale slaughter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)