this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
Chinese bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorus)
silver hair; gray hair; grey hair
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to apologize (apologise); to refuse; to decline; to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
funny; amusing; strange; odd; wrong; unsuitable
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
state (of affairs); situation; appearance; look(s); sign; indication