ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thinking; thought; idea; notion; intention; plan
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
which; where; all; both; anyway; anyhow
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
devising (a way); contriving; device; design; dedication to spiritual improvement (esp. through Zen meditation)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
message; report; handing over (to a successor); transfer
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
change; alternation; rotation; replacement; substitution; shift
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
trouble (I have put you through); (your) hard work; thank you (for your hard work); I appreciate your efforts
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
wasteful; a waste; too good; more than one deserves; impious; profane