indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
high ground; elevation; hill; plateau
latest; newest; late-breaking (news)
built-in kitchen; integrated kitchen system
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
fashion; fad; vogue; prevalence (e.g. of a disease)
clothes (esp. Western clothes); clothing; dress; counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, puffs of a cigarette, etc.
to exterminate; to eradicate; to wipe out; to let (fire) go out; to let die (e.g. flowers); to run out of
to assemble (e.g. goods into a set); to gather; to put together