indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
remote countryside; boondocks; the sticks; middle of nowhere
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
is not ... either; is (neither ...) nor ...; nor is it ...; does not ... either; (neither ...) nor ...; does not even ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sale; selling; selling point; gimmick; seller; vendor
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
rich person; wealthy person
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to neglect; to leave undone; to lay aside
(growing) quickly (esp. children, plants); (developing) quickly; fast; rapidly
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
growth; breeding; growing up (in, as); upbringing
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
level; standard; level (amount or quantity); level (plane); level (instrument); spirit level
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.); quitting
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
business trip; official trip
job transfer; job relocation; intra-company transfer
head office; main office; main shrine; this company; this shrine
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid