indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
myself; yourself; I; me; you
will; volition; intention; intent; determination
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to desire; to want; to expect (of someone); to hope for; to see; to command (a view of)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo