indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
fashion; trend; vogue; prevalence (of a disease); epidemic
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
jūbako; multi-tiered food box; heavy; serious; extreme; -fold
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
heh heh heh; tee-hee; giggle
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
chair; stool; post; office; position
disqualification; elimination; incapacity; being unfit for one's role; being a failure