indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
ought to have been; was ... right?; to do for (inferiors)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
snowy mountain; permanently snow-covered mountain; pile of snow; Himalayas
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to fall down; to fall over; to turn out; to play out; to abandon Christianity (and convert to Buddhism); to apostatize
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
plaster cast; cast; gypsum; plaster-of-paris
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
scrawl; scribble; graffiti; doodle
write jointly; collection of autographs
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
just because; even if; even though
tune; tone; vein; mood; condition; state of health
such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener); like that; that sort of
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good thing; nice thing; good excuse; good grounds; interjection used to impress an idea or to urge a response
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
liver; innards; courage; spirit; crux; essential point
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that