indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
immigration; emigration; immigrant; emigrant
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
already; previously; before; undeniably; unmistakably
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
artificial; man-made; human work; human skill; artificiality
town; city; municipal; urban
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hometown; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
people; men and women; each person; everybody
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
Chinese-derived reading of a kanji
dukedom; duchy; principality
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
federation (of states); confederation; commonwealth; union
to cause someone's death; to cause someone to die; to kill
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally