indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
empty air; sky; shunyata; emptiness; air force; fruitlessness; meaninglessness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
Diet members' caucus; caucus of the Diet
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight