indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
Izumo (former province located in the east of present-day Shimane Prefecture)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
adds force or indicates command
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!