indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
calling on someone who is ill; enquiry; inquiry
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
inheritance; something given or received
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to give up all thoughts of; to abandon; to despair of; to make up one's mind; to take a momentous decision
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)