indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
ought to do; have to do; must do; feel obliged to
Buddhist priest; bonze; close-cropped hair; crew cut; boy; sonny
exclamation of surprised disappointment, disgust, or worry (yuck, ick, ack, eeew, crap!, blech, gross)
to divide; to cut; to halve; to break; to crack; to dilute; to fall below
the seven treasures (gold, silver, pearls, agate, crystal, coral, lapis lazuli); cloisonne ware; shippō pattern (of overlapping circles); shippō emblem
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become