right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; by what means
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make a move; to move a piece (e.g. in shogi)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
king (of the senior player)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back