where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reign of an emperor of Japan
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
changing one's clothes; (arch.) lady court attendant
many; a lot; much; multitude
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to run over (with a vehicle); to knock down
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
-less; lacking; non-existing
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
wrong; groundless; different; separate; unexpected; surprising
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
to be prosperous; to prosper; to flourish; to enjoy great prosperity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
to translate; to interpret
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ancient writing (i.e. Edo-period or older); classical literature; ancient Chinese character (pre-Qin period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
overall victory; championship
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
still; even now; to this day