indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
primary school; elementary school; grade school
nth-year student; nth-year pupil
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how many years; how long; what year
fifth year of elementary school; fifth year elementary school student
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to do (something negative); to make (a blunder); to commit (an error); to eat (up); to drink
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
circumstances; condition; arranging; managing; lending money; raising money
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to breathe in; to inhale; to suck; to sip; to absorb; to soak up
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
in an instant; in a flash; in the blink of an eye; in no time at all; just like that