indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
primary school; elementary school; grade school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how many years; how long; what year
fifth year of elementary school; fifth year elementary school student
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to fail; to blunder; to make a mess; to drink up; to eat up
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to smoke; to breathe in; to suck; to sip; to absorb; to soak up
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
just like that; in the twinkling of an eye; in the blink of an eye; (lit.) in the time it takes to say "ah!"