indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
what is it (that); the meaning of something; what something is about
specialist; expert; professional; authority; pundit
book; volume; this; present; main; head
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
caster; newscaster; news anchor; anchorman
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
route; course; path; one's future course (e.g. after graduating high school)
expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
drawing; picture; diagram; sight; scene
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
pardon; forgiveness; forbearance