apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
honorific/polite/humble prefix
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to fall; to drop; to fail (an exam); to lose (a contest, election, etc.); to be unsuccessful
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to return; to come back; to turn over; to become extremely; to become completely
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
cool; calm; composed; all right; fine; OK
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
ahead; forward; (in) front; having a square front
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(wheeled) vehicle; car; (railroad) car; (railway) carriage; rolling stock
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
please (give me); please (do for me)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
company; lot; people; troupe; company (of musicians)
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
prey; catch; kill; spoils; trophy; loot
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful