indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a line; a streak; one item (in an itemized form); one clause; one matter (affair, event, case, incident); (arch.) the same logic
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pupil; student; schoolchild
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
junior high school student; middle school pupil
to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
basics; fundamentals; basis; foundation
self-study; teaching oneself; studying by oneself (at school) while the teacher is absent
form (as opposed to substance); formality; method; system; format; mode