indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
bento; Japanese box lunch
onigiri; rice ball (often triangular, sometimes with a filling and wrapped in nori)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you