indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Pacific saury (Cololabis saira); mackerel pike
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn); (arch.) horse that can ride 1000 ri in a day
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
please (give me); please (do for me)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding