indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn); (arch.) horse that can ride 1000 ri in a day
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ice; ice cream; icecream; (arch.) usurer; (arch.) usury
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
sweat; perspiration; moisture; condensation; gulp; oops
air con; air conditioner; air conditioning
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?