indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn); (arch.) horse that can ride 1000 ri in a day
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
apron; apron (airport); apron (stage)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
memories; recollections; reminiscence
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing