earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
temple; sacred place; shrine; sanctuary; tabernacle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to fall down; to fall over; to turn out; to play out; to abandon Christianity (and convert to Buddhism); to apostatize
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
how; in what way; by what means
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
to take down; to bring down; to drop off (a passenger); to let off; to withdraw (money); to use for the first time; to wear for the first time
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
elevator; lift; elevator (aviation)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you