indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
not understanding; not knowing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
federal government (e.g. USA, Australia, Mexico, Germany, Canada)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
time; hour; period; class
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how long; how much; to what extent
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
witnessing; observing; sighting
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
strife; riot; (media) uproar; brouhaha; feud; tussle
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
descent; fall; drop; passing down (of an order, decree, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)