indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come together; to join; to get married; to become a married couple
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
occupation (e.g. of territory); exclusive possession
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
imagination; supposition; guess
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thankfully; fortunately; luckily; thanks to your (his, their, everyone's, etc.) kindness; thanks to your assistance; thanks to your support
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
this (battle)ship; aforementioned ship
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
older sister; elder sister
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk