end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
shot; charge; blow; punch; home run; try
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
stubbornness; obstinacy; disposition; nature; appetite; desire
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
to strain (oneself); to bear down; to exert oneself; to put on a bold front; to make a show of strength; to swagger
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shuffle (on one's bottom or knees); to crawl; to shift position (of an object)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
the front; honesty; uprightness; decency; normality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
master sergeant; sergeant major (JSDF)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
first generation; founder
official; governmental; public (use, matter, forum, etc.); common; being public knowledge; being out in the open
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
holding a castle (during a siege); holing up; confinement (to one's home); staying at home; staying indoors
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
to hold on to something (secret, lead in a race, etc.)
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
former site (of something); site (e.g. of a demolished building)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
top; summit; twelve o'clock (usu. midnight); top of one's head; top of a helmet
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during