indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sweets (desserts, candy, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
macaron (meringue-based sandwich cookie); French macaroon
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
(some) more; even more; longer; further
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
completion; finish; workmanship; result; outcome
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
connection (to a person, place, etc.); relation; affinity
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying