indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
macaron (meringue-based sandwich cookie); French macaroon
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
connection (to a person, place, etc.); relation; affinity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
sweets (desserts, candy, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily