indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
people; men and women; each person; everybody
support; backing; endorsement; support; holding up; propping
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
world state; world federation
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
simultaneous; all at once
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
leader; guide; mentor; coach
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
declaration; proclamation; announcement
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come