indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
people; men and women; each person; everybody
support; backing; endorsement; support; holding up; propping
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
world state; world federation
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
colony; (Japanese) settlement (in Brazil)
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
opposition; resistance; insubordination; defiance; hostility; rebellion
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
independence movement; mutually independent
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
acceleration; speeding up
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to run past from behind; to run through (e.g. gate, one's mind)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case