senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
now; the present time; just now; another; more
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
day duty; day shift; class duty (students)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
puncture; flat tyre (tire); blowout; bursting; overflowing; being jammed (e.g. phone lines)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
roundabout (e.g. expression); indirect (reference, criticism, etc.); oblique
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
scenery; scene; landscape
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
dweller; inhabitant; resident; user (of a website)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
cruel; hard-hearted; harsh; unkind
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)