indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
strike (e.g. in baseball, bowling)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
craftsman; artisan; craft; craftsmanship; plot; scheme
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
pitcher; pitcher (container); jug
third (base, baseman, gear)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all