indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
unusual beast; strange beast
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
bureau director; office chief
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
than; from; out of; except; but; more
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
double; twice (as much); times (as much); -fold; 1-nth; 1 to n
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
representation; agency; proxy; deputy; agent; attorney
infection; contagion; becoming infected
gaining total control (of people or counties); suppression; oppression; control; mastery; ascendancy
isolation; segregation; separation; quarantine