here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
irresponsible; perfunctory; lukewarm; half-baked; reasonable; moderate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
historical document; archives; old manuscript; pre-Meiji era document addressed to someone in particular
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
tool; implement; means; furniture
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that's the way it is; such is life
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
crocodile; alligator; (arch.) shark
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
sanity; consciousness; soberness
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
predecessor; pioneer; ancestor
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
fault; error; indiscretion; faux pas
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to vomit; to throw up; to emit; to send forth; to give (an opinion); to make (a comment)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence