indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
crocodile; alligator; (arch.) shark
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
unusual beast; strange beast
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
opposition; rivalry; competition; antagonism
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
official size of a tatami mat for measuring room size (esp. a Kyoto-size tatami mat); basic rhythm (in traditional Japanese music); (arch.) room (in a brothel) of a prostitute of the highest rank
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question