indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
daruma; tumbling doll; Bodhidharma; prostitute
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to say; to tell; to state; to do
(arch.) offering (to the gods, emperor, etc.); gift; sacrifice
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!