indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
how; in what way; how about
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
unskillful; poor; awkward; imprudent; untactful