indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries); (arch.) noh; (arch.) fooling around
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
inside a plane; in-flight
atmospheric current; air current; airflow
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...