indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
drop-by-drop; dripping; dribbling; incessantly (esp. speaking, e.g. complaints, compliments); in great profusion
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not