indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lathe; potter's wheel; windlass; pulley
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
magical power; mystical force
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
kinako; roasted soybean flour; roasted soy flour
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
please (give me); please (do for me)
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly