indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
head of the student council; president of the student council
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be negligent in doing something; to shirk; to be off one's guard
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to accomplish; to finish; to carry through; to follow through
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
Japanese laurel; spotted laurel; Aucuba japonica; live tree
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
studying abroad; studying at a different school, etc. (usu. for a specific purpose)
selection; choice; picking out
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
pupil; student; schoolchild
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
in that way; thus; so; so?
so to speak; so to call it; as it were
Japanese representative; Japanese delegate; Japanese delegation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo