narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
chawanmushi; savoury steamed egg custard with chicken, mushrooms, etc. (savory)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
please (give me); please (do for me)
to the limit; to the full; as much as possible; with all one's might
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
time; hour; period; class
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
oath; pledge; pact; covenant; alliance
in accordance with; following; roughly; about; Street; Avenue