indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
suffix for familiar person
wood chip; splinter; thin shingles
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely