indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
musical note; note symbol; phonetic symbol (incl. the kanji and kana-doubling symbols, vowel-lengthening symbol, etc.); part of a kanji for which the role is primarily to represent the pronunciation (as opposed to the meaning)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
yellow; high-pitched (voice); shrill
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
genuine article; real thing; real deal
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
bad guy; villain; evildoer; scoundrel