indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
gorilla (Gorilla spp., esp. western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
suffix for familiar person
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
recital (i.e. of music, by a pupil); presentation (e.g. product launch)
negative; negative (e.g. thinking)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk