indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
revival; resuscitation; revitalization; rejuvenation; regeneration
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
assistance; support; subsidy; supplement; auxiliary; subsidiary
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!