oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
to show respect for; to revere; to honour; to honor; to worship; to hold in esteem
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
any more; any further; any better; any longer
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
to place in a row; to line up; to list; to enumerate; to talk a lot of nonsense; to tell a lot of lies
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
now; the present time; just now; another; more
from the bottom of one's heart; heartily; sincerely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
praise; admiration; commendation; approbation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
should; must; -able; probably; likely
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
your highness; your grace; your eminence
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
elder; senior; senior monk; dean; presbyter
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
cardinal (Catholic church)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
future (usually near); prospects